{"id":2846,"date":"2023-01-03T10:37:26","date_gmt":"2023-01-03T10:37:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumgirona.cat\/?p=2846"},"modified":"2023-01-03T10:40:41","modified_gmt":"2023-01-03T10:40:41","slug":"el-cervell-addicte-ni-debilitat-moral-ni-falta-de-voluntat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forummontau.com\/girona\/el-cervell-addicte-ni-debilitat-moral-ni-falta-de-voluntat\/","title":{"rendered":"El cervell addicte: ni debilitat moral ni falta de voluntat"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

L’addicci\u00f3 va ser considerada durant molt temps com una debilitat moral o una manca de for\u00e7a de voluntat<\/strong>. Per contra, actualment \u00e9s reconeguda com una malaltia cr\u00f2nica<\/strong> amb canvis cerebrals espec\u00edfics. Aix\u00ed com la malaltia card\u00edaca afecta el cor i l’hepatitis, el fetge, l’addicci\u00f3 afecta el cervell, el segresta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Addicci\u00f3 a l’alcohol i drogues i addicci\u00f3 comportamental<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Durant molts anys es creia que nom\u00e9s l’alcohol i les drogues podien causar addicci\u00f3. no obstant s’ha demostrat que certes activitats com el joc, les compres, el sexe, el menjar i, fins i tot, la tecnologia, tamb\u00e9 poden coatar el cervell i s\u00f3n registrats per aquest en forma similar a les drogues i l’alcohol<\/strong>. El consens cient\u00edfic actual suggereix que aquests plaers poden representar m\u00faltiples expressions d’un proc\u00e9s cerebral com\u00fa subjacent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Circuts de recompensa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Un dels descobriments m\u00e9s notables de les neuroci\u00e8ncies ha estat la determinaci\u00f3 dels circuits de recompensa<\/strong>. Es tracta de mecanismes de plaer<\/strong> que involucren diferents regions cerebrals que es troben comunicats mitjan\u00e7ant missatgers qu\u00edmics anomenats \u00abneurotransmissors\u00bb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

El paper de la dopamina<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La dopamina \u00e9s un missatger qu\u00edmic involucrat en la motivaci\u00f3, el plaer, la mem\u00f2ria i el moviment, entre altres funcions. En el cervell, el plaer es produeix a trav\u00e9s de l’alliberament de la dopamina en el \u00abnucli accumbens\u00bb, una regi\u00f3 a la qual els neurocient\u00edfics diuen el \u00abcentre de plaer del cervell\u00bb. Justament l’acci\u00f3 d’una droga addictiva funciona a partir de la influ\u00e8ncia en aquest sistema.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alguns addictes arriben a focalitzar-se en aconseguir i gaudir de la droga excloent tots els altres aspectes de les seves vides<\/strong>: descuiden a la seva fam\u00edlia, el seu treball, la seva pr\u00f2pia salut. I encara saber que s’estan destruint a si mateixos, segueixen amb el consum de la droga i, a mesura que continuen amb el seu \u00fas, es fan tolerants. Aix\u00ed, les dosis que inicialment van utilitzar per estimular-se ja no s\u00f3n efica\u00e7os i necessiten fer servir una dosi m\u00e9s alta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En la d\u00e8cada de 1950, dos psic\u00f2legs canadencs, James Olds i Peter Milner, van fer uns experiments molt famosos en els quals van implantar el\u00e8ctrodes al cervell basal de les rates i van descobrir que les drogues addictives poden alliberar de dos a deu vegades – i de manera m\u00e9s r\u00e0pidament la quantitat de dopamina que les recompenses naturals.
Abans es pensava que l’experi\u00e8ncia del plaer era suficient per induir a la gent a seguir buscant una subst\u00e0ncia addictiva. Per\u00f2 noves investigacions suggereixen que la situaci\u00f3 \u00e9s m\u00e9s complexa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El paper de la dopamina<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La dopamina no nom\u00e9s contribueix a l’experi\u00e8ncia del plaer, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 t\u00e9 un paper en l’aprenentatge i la mem\u00f2ria, dos elements clau en la transici\u00f3 de consumir alguna cosa a convertir-se en addicte<\/strong>. La investigadora Nora Volkow, als Estats Units, va utilitzar una t\u00e8cnica de neuroimatges anomenada \u00abtomografia per emissi\u00f3 de positrons\u00bb per etiquetar els receptors de dopamina en el cervell hum\u00e0 i va descobrir que efectivament el funcionament normal del sistema dopamin\u00e8rgic cerebral sembla estar afectat en l’ab\u00fas cr\u00f2nic de drogues<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No obstant aix\u00f2, aquest estudi va plantejar preguntes fonamentals a partir d’aquesta conclusi\u00f3: \u00bfS\u00f3n aquests canvis en els receptors dopamin\u00e8rgics dels consumidors de drogues les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies de l’ab\u00fas en el consum o \u00e9s l’ab\u00fas de drogues una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d’una predisposici\u00f3 biol\u00f2gica, el que vol dir que aquests canvis en els receptors dopamin\u00e8rgics estan abans del consum de drogues?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un altre enigma recurrent \u00e9s el que planteja el comportament, sovint impulsiu, d’alguns consumidors de drogues. Novament s’evidencia la pregunta sobre quina \u00e9s la causa i quin \u00e9s l’efecte. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La vulnerabilitat gen\u00e8tica contribueix al risc de desenvolupar una addicci\u00f3<\/strong>. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Els estudis de bessons i adopci\u00f3 mostren que al voltant del 40% al 60% de la susceptibilitat a l’addicci\u00f3 \u00e9s heredit\u00e0ria. Per\u00f2 el comportament juga un paper clau, especialment quan es tracta de refor\u00e7ar un h\u00e0bit. Cada un de nosaltres ha de prendre decisions sobre si realitzem una cosa que volem fer o no (per exemple, desitjar menjar una xocolata per\u00f2 no fer-ho per evitar conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies negatives a mig). De vegades aix\u00f2 no es pot controlar, per\u00f2 s\u00f3n m\u00e9s les vegades que un pot. En les persones que s\u00f3n addictes, com hem vist al personatge del jugador, aquest control \u00e9s molt dif\u00edcil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La persona que \u00e9s addicta no vol ser-ho<\/strong>. La seva addicci\u00f3 ja li va costar el seu treball, la seva parella, el seu benestar. No obstant aix\u00f2, no pot resistir la temptaci\u00f3. Com vam dir al principi, es tracta d’una malaltia de la qual actualment no existeix cura. La hi ha de tractar com altres malalties cr\u00f2niques (hipertensi\u00f3, asma, c\u00e0ncer) i, com a tal, mantenir el tractament ja que, d’una altra manera, el pacient recau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’addicci\u00f3 s’apr\u00e8n i s’emmagatzema com a mem\u00f2ria en el cervell, de manera que la recuperaci\u00f3 \u00e9s un proc\u00e9s lent.<\/strong> Fins i tot despr\u00e9s que una persona ren\u00fancia, per exemple, al consum de drogues, durant setmanes, mesos, i fins i tot, anys, l’exposici\u00f3 al lloc de la droga, caminar per un carrer on la van comprar o ensopegar amb persones que segueixen consumint els porta un gran impuls a voler consumir de nou. Hi ha una s\u00e8rie de tractaments que van aconseguir efic\u00e0cia, generalment en combinar estrat\u00e8gies d’autoajuda, de psicoter\u00e0pia i de rehabilitaci\u00f3. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L’addicci\u00f3 va ser considerada durant molt temps com una debilitat moral o una manca de for\u00e7a de voluntat. Per contra, actualment \u00e9s reconeguda com una malaltia cr\u00f2nica amb canvis cerebrals espec\u00edfics. Aix\u00ed com la malaltia card\u00edaca afecta el cor i l’hepatitis, el fetge, l’addicci\u00f3 afecta el cervell, el segresta. Addicci\u00f3 a l’alcohol i drogues i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2847,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,298,47],"tags":[129,120],"class_list":["post-2846","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-addiccio","category-malaltia-cronica","category-tractaments","tag-forum-girona-ca","tag-forum-terapeutic-girona-ca","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"\nEl cervell addicte: ni debilitat moral ni falta de voluntat - 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