{"id":901,"date":"2020-11-17T09:21:51","date_gmt":"2020-11-17T09:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adiccionmadrid.com\/?p=901"},"modified":"2020-11-17T09:21:52","modified_gmt":"2020-11-17T09:21:52","slug":"sueno-y-drogas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forummontau.com\/madrid\/sueno-y-drogas\/","title":{"rendered":"Sue\u00f1o y drogas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La interacci\u00f3n entre los trastornos del sue\u00f1o<\/strong> y el abuso de sustancias<\/strong> es compleja. Hasta hace poco conoc\u00edamos una relaci\u00f3n bidireccional positiva entre el riesgo de tener un trastorno por uso de substancias y sufrir un trastorno de sue\u00f1o: las personas con abuso o dependencia de sustancias tienen mayor prevalencia de alteraciones del sue\u00f1o y las que presentan alteraciones del sue\u00f1o tienen mayor riesgo de presentar problemas relacionados con el uso de sustancias que la poblaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El ciclo vigilia sue\u00f1o<\/strong> est\u00e1 regulado por un conjunto de redes neuronales que controlan diferentes aspectos de la transici\u00f3n entre los diferentes estados de vigilancia. En concreto, el sistema definido por el neurop\u00e9ptido hipocretina\/orexina (Hcrt\/ox), localizado en el hipot\u00e1lamo lateral juega un papel crucial en la estabilidad del ciclo, ya que su deficiencia da lugar a la narcolepsia con cataplej\u00eda. El sistema Hcrt<\/strong> est\u00e1 implicado en el control de numerosas variables, como el estado metab\u00f3lico, ritmo circadiano, duraci\u00f3n previa del sue\u00f1o, niveles de estr\u00e9s<\/strong>, … y transmite esta informaci\u00f3n de forma integrada a otros circuitos esenciales para el mantenimiento de la vigilia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acci\u00f3n de las principales drogas sobre el sue\u00f1o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Los pacientes con preocupaciones sobre el sue\u00f1o <\/strong>tienen mayor riesgo<\/strong> de desarrollar problemas relacionados con el alcohol, especialmente en los que presentan ansiedad y disforia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El insomnio, en la adolescencia<\/strong>, est\u00e1 relacionado con el desarrollo posterior de trastornos mentales<\/strong>, asoci\u00e1ndose al uso de alcohol, cannabis, otras drogas, depresi\u00f3n y a ideas e intentos de suicidio<\/strong>. Adem\u00e1s, el insomnio es m\u00e1s frecuente en los adolescentes, que fuman, beben y duermen menos tiempo durante el fin de semana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La mayor\u00eda de estudios se han realizado con el alcohol<\/strong>, que es el ansiol\u00edtico e hipn\u00f3tico<\/strong> m\u00e1s ampliamente utilizado en el mundo occidental. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En consumo agudo de esta sustancia ejerce un efecto inductor del sue\u00f1o, pero en consumo continuado deteriora su calidad, problema que se agrava todav\u00eda m\u00e1s durante el periodo de abstinencia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A dosis bajas, como podr\u00eda ser el consumo social reconocido como \u201cnormal\u201d no tiene claros efectos sobre la arquitectura del sue\u00f1o. A dosis m\u00e1s altas produce un efecto similar al de un hipn\u00f3tico de acci\u00f3n corta: disminuye la latencia de sue\u00f1o, as\u00ed como los despertares, la fase de sue\u00f1o 1 y la densidad de movimientos oculares r\u00e1pidos (REM) en la primera mitad de la noche; mientras que en la segunda mitad se aprecian fen\u00f3menos de rebote con aumento de la fase de sue\u00f1o 1, aumento de despertares y un incremento de sue\u00f1o REM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En pacientes alcoh\u00f3licos cr\u00f3nicos se produce una disminuci\u00f3n del sue\u00f1o lento profundo, del sue\u00f1o REM y un sue\u00f1o m\u00e1s fragmentado. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Durante la fase de abstinencia estas alteraciones se agravan. Los sujetos duermen menos, el sue\u00f1o est\u00e1 m\u00e1s fragmentado y tienen una disminuci\u00f3n del sue\u00f1o lento, mientras que la duraci\u00f3n del REM y la densidad de los movimientos oculares r\u00e1pidos est\u00e1n incrementadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De hecho, uno de los factores de reca\u00edda en el consumo de alcohol, tras un periodo de abstinencia puede ser la persistencia de alteraciones del sue\u00f1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coca\u00edna<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Los estimulantes disminuyen la sensaci\u00f3n de necesidad sue\u00f1<\/strong>o, en muchas ocasiones los pacientes no tienen la percepci\u00f3n subjetiva de alteraci\u00f3n del sue\u00f1o o sue\u00f1o no reparador. La coca\u00edna<\/strong> tiene un efecto euforizante sobre el \u00e1nimo, disminuye el tiempo total del sue\u00f1o y altera su continuidad<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Durante el periodo de abstinencia o disminuci\u00f3n del consumo regular, aumenta el tiempo total de sue\u00f1o y la somnolencia diurna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cannabis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

El consumo de cannabis a dosis altas disminuye el sue\u00f1o REM y el sue\u00f1o de ondas lentas<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

El uso de cannabis tambi\u00e9n se relaciona con el aumento del n\u00famero de movimientos peri\u00f3dicos de las extremidades durante el sue\u00f1o y sue\u00f1o m\u00e1s fragmentado. La abstinencia de cannabis reduce la calidad del sue\u00f1o, aumenta la latencia y produce sue\u00f1os extra\u00f1os. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La abstinencia despu\u00e9s de la exposici\u00f3n de 4\u20135 cigarrillos\/d\u00eda, incluso tras un per\u00edodo corto, se ha asociado con aumento de la latencia y de la fase REM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Opiodies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Los opioides producen reacciones de alertamiento dependientes de la dosis<\/strong>, con aumento de la actividad muscular medida en el EMG y de los movimientos corporales. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

El EEG muestra un aumento de la actividad alfa, y una disminuci\u00f3n de las fases de sue\u00f1o lento profundo y del sue\u00f1o REM. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mientras se mantiene el tratamiento con metadona, el sue\u00f1o nocturno no se ve alterado. Sin embargo,\u00a0algunos pacientes afirman haber tenido insomnio en la conciliaci\u00f3n y mantenimiento del sue\u00f1o.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respecto al periodo de abstinencia, durante las primeras 3-5 semanas, se produce un aumento de la actividad on\u00edrica y el insomnio. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En los casos de abstinencia en personas adictas a los opi\u00e1ceos, se produce un aumento de los sue\u00f1os y la fase REM. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tras la retirada, se describe un periodo de insomnio de varias semanas de duraci\u00f3n. En este sentido, existe el riesgo de que un insomnio prolongado pueda provocar una reca\u00edda en el consumo de hero\u00edna.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La interacci\u00f3n entre los trastornos del sue\u00f1o y el abuso de sustancias es compleja. Hasta hace poco conoc\u00edamos una relaci\u00f3n bidireccional positiva entre el riesgo de tener un trastorno por uso de substancias y sufrir un trastorno de sue\u00f1o: las personas con abuso o dependencia de sustancias tienen mayor prevalencia de alteraciones del sue\u00f1o y […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":902,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,22,24],"tags":[26,25],"class_list":["post-901","post","type-post","status-publish","format-aside","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-adicciones","category-alcoholismo","category-cannabis","tag-centro-tratamiento-adicciones-madrid","tag-forum-salud-mental-madrid","post_format-post-format-aside","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"\nSue\u00f1o y drogas - 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